History of islam

USMAN BIN AFFAN

Utsman bin Affan was born in 573 AD in a family of the Quraish tribe Umayyad children. Lineage ancestors united with the Prophet Muhammad. on the 5th generation. Prior to Islam he was called Abu Amr degan designation. He begelar Dzunnurain, for marrying two daughters of the Prophet. (Caliph 644-655 AD) was the third caliph in Islamic history. Umar bin Khattab could not decide how best to determine his successor Caliph. Immediately after the stabbing him by Fairuz, a Zoroastrian Persian, Umar considered not to choose a replacement as did the Prophet. But Umar was also thinking of leaving wills as does Abu Bakr. As a way out, Umar appointed six Companions as Formation Council tasked with selecting a new caliph. The sixth man was Abdurrahman ibn Awf, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqash, Talha bin Ubaidullah, Zubair bin Awwam, Uthman ibn Affan and Ali ibn Abi Talib.In the reign of Uthman, Armenia, Tunisia, Cyprus, Rhodes, and the remaining part of Persia, Transoxania, and Tabaristan been won. The first Islamic expansion stops here.Usman reign lasted 12 years, the last half of the period of his caliphate emerging discontent and despair among Muslims against him. Leadership is very different from 'Uthman Umar leadership. This is because of slander and incitement of Abdullah bin Saba 'Al-Yamani one Jew who pretended to convert to Islam. Ibn Saba 'was fond of moving from one place to another to spread false rumors to the new era of the Muslims become Muslim. Finally in year 35 H/1655 M, Uthman was killed by the rebels which consists of people who successfully instigated by Abdullah bin Saba 'was.One of the factors that led to a lot of people's prejudice against Uthman leadership is wisdom raise a family in a high position. Most important among them is Marwan ibn Hakam vol. He is basically considered by those people who run the government, whereas only the title of Caliph Uthman. After a lot of family members who sat in important posts, like dolls in the presence of Usman's relatives. He can not do much and was too weak to his family. He also does not expressly subordinate to errors. State assets, the relatives were distributed without controlled by Uthman himself. It was all due to the slander spread by Abdullah bin Saba ', although most meritorious recorded Uthman build dams to maintain a large flood flows and regulate the distribution of water to the cities. He also built roads, bridges, mosques and expanding the Prophet Mosque in Medina.

Translet USMAN BIN Affan

Utsman bin Affan lahir di 573 AD dalam keluarga suku Quraisy anak Umayyah. Nenek moyang keturunan bersatu dengan Nabi Muhammad. pada generasi ke-5. Sebelum Islam ia dipanggil Abu Amr degan penunjukan. Dia begelar Dzunnurain, karena menikahi dua putri Nabi. (Khalifah 644-655 M) adalah khalifah ketiga dalam sejarah Islam. Umar bin Khattab tidak bisa memutuskan cara terbaik untuk menentukan khalifah penggantinya. Segera setelah menusuk oleh Fairuz, seorang Zoroaster Persia, Umar dianggap tidak memilih pengganti seperti yang dilakukan Nabi. Namun Umar juga berpikir untuk meninggalkan wasiat seperti halnya Abu Bakar. Sebagai jalan keluar, Umar menunjuk enam sahabat sebagai Dewan Formasi bertugas memilih khalifah baru. Orang keenam adalah Abdurrahman bin Auf, Sa'ad bin Abi Waqash, Thalhah bin Ubaidillah, Zubair bin Awwam, Utsman bin Affan dan Ali bin Abi Talib.In pemerintahan Utsman, Armenia, Tunisia, Cyprus, Rhodes, dan bagian yang tersisa Persia, Transoxania, dan Tabaristan berhasil direbut. Ekspansi Islam pertama berhenti pemerintahan here.Usman berlangsung 12 tahun, paruh terakhir masa kekhalifahannya muncul ketidakpuasan dan putus asa di kalangan umat Islam terhadap dirinya. Kepemimpinan sangat berbeda dari 'Utsman kepemimpinan Umar. Hal ini karena fitnah dan hasutan dari Abdullah bin Saba 'Al-Yamani salah satu Yahudi yang berpura-pura masuk Islam. Ibnu Saba 'gemar berpindah dari satu tempat ke tempat lain untuk menyebarkan rumor palsu untuk era baru umat Islam menjadi Muslim. Akhirnya pada tahun 35 H/1655 M, Utsman dibunuh oleh para pemberontak yang terdiri dari orang-orang yang berhasil dihasut oleh Abdullah bin Saba was.One 'faktor yang menyebabkan banyak prasangka masyarakat terhadap kepemimpinan Utsman adalah kebijaksanaan membesarkan keluarga di posisi tinggi. Yang paling penting di antara mereka adalah Marwan bin Hakam vol. Dia pada dasarnya dianggap oleh orang-orang yang menjalankan pemerintahan, sedangkan hanya judul Khalifah Utsman. Setelah banyak anggota keluarga yang duduk di posisi penting, seperti boneka di hadapan kerabat Usman. Dia tidak bisa berbuat banyak dan terlalu lemah untuk keluarganya. Ia juga tidak tegas bawahan kesalahan. Aset negara, kerabat didistribusikan tanpa terkontrol oleh Usman sendiri. Itu semua karena fitnah yang disebarkan oleh Abdullah bin Saba ', meskipun paling berjasa tercatat Utsman membangun bendungan untuk menjaga arus banjir yang besar dan mengatur pembagian air ke kota-kota. Dia juga membangun jalan, jembatan, masjid dan memperluas Masjid Nabi di Madinah.

UMAR BIN KHATTAB

Umar bin Khattab (586-590 - 644 AD, became caliph 634-644 CE) was the second Caliph in Islamic history. umar appointment is not by consensus but by the will left by Abu Bakr. This is not meant to antagonize among Muslims because Muslims now very familiar with Umar as the closest and most loyal defense of Islam. Only a handful of people, who would become Shiite groups, who insist that Ali should be caliph. Umar ruled for ten years from 634 to 644.When Abu Bakr was sick and felt the end was near, he consulted with the leaders of the companions, then raised Umar bin Khatthab as successor in order to prevent possible disputes and divisions among Muslims. The Wisdom of Abu Bakr was accepted immediately by the community abuzz swear Umar. Rasulillah called himself Caliph Umar (successor of the Prophet). He also introduced the term Amir al-Mu'minin (senior people who believe).At the time of Umar wave expansion (expanding territory) first occurred; Syrian capital, Damascus fell in 635 AD, and a year later, having defeated the Byzantine army at the battle of Yarmuk, the whole area of ​​Syria fell under the rule of Islam. By using Syria as a base, continued expansion into Egypt under the command of 'Amr ibn' Ash and Iraq under the leadership of Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas. Alexandria (Alexandria, now Istanbul), capital of Egypt, conquered in 641 AD Thus, Egypt fell under Islamic rule. Al-Qadisiyah, a town near Hirah in Iraq, fell in the year 637 AD From there proceed to attack the capital of Persia, al-Madain which fell that year. In the year 641 AD, Moshul can be mastered. Thus, during the leadership of 'Umar, Islamic empire already includes the Arabian Peninsula, Palestine, Syria, most of Persia, and Egypt.Due to the rapid expansion of the area, Umar soon follow the example set by the administration of the state administration that has developed mainly in Persia. Administration organized into eight areas of the province: Mecca, Medina, Syria, the land of Basra, Kufa, Palestine, and Egypt. Some departments are considered to be established. In his time began to be regulated and disciplined system of payroll and land tax. The court was established in order to separate the judiciary by the executive. To maintain order and security, the police department was formed. Similarly, the public works department. Umar also established the Bait al-Mal, forged currency, and make hijiah year.Umar ruled for ten years (13-23 H/634-644 M). His term ends in death. He was killed by a Zoroastrianis, Fanatic of Persian slave named Abu Lu'lu'ah. To determine his successor, Umar was not done in the way of Abu Bakr. He pointed to six friends and asked them to choose one of them to be caliph. Six people are Usman, Ali, Talha, Zubair, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, Abdurrahman ibn 'Awf. After Umar's death, the team was consulted and managed to appoint Uthman as caliph, through a rather rigorous process to Ali ibn Abi Talib.

Translet UMAR bin Khattab

Umar bin Khattab (586-590 - 644 AD, menjadi khalifah 634-644 M) Khalifah kedua dalam sejarah Islam. umar pengangkatan tidak melalui konsensus melainkan karena kemauan ditinggalkan oleh Abu Bakar. Ini tidak dimaksudkan untuk memusuhi umat Islam karena umat Islam sekarang sangat akrab dengan Umar sebagai pertahanan paling dekat dan paling setia Islam. Hanya segelintir orang, yang akan menjadi kelompok Syiah, yang bersikeras bahwa Ali harus khalifah. Umar memerintah selama sepuluh tahun dari 634 ke 644.When Abu Bakar sakit dan merasa ajalnya sudah dekat, ia berkonsultasi dengan pemimpin para sahabat, lalu mengangkat Umar bin Khatthab sebagai penggantinya untuk mencegah kemungkinan perselisihan dan perpecahan di antara umat Islam. Kebijaksanaan Abu Bakar segera diterima oleh masyarakat beramai-ramai bersumpah Umar. Rasulillah menyebut dirinya Khalifah Umar (pengganti Nabi). Ia juga memperkenalkan istilah Amir al-Mu'minin (orang-orang senior yang percaya) Pada saat ekspansi gelombang Umar (memperluas wilayahnya) pertama terjadi,. Ibukota Suriah, Damaskus jatuh 635 AD, dan setahun kemudian, setelah mengalahkan Bizantium tentara di pertempuran Yarmuk, seluruh wilayah Suriah jatuh di bawah kekuasaan Islam. Dengan menggunakan Suriah sebagai dasar, melanjutkan ekspansi ke Mesir di bawah komando 'Amr bin' Ash dan Irak di bawah pimpinan Sa'ad bin Abi Waqqas. Alexandria (Alexandria, sekarang Istanbul), ibu kota Mesir, ditaklukkan pada 641 AD demikian, Mesir jatuh di bawah kekuasaan Islam. Al-Qadisiyah, sebuah kota dekat Hirah di Irak, jatuh pada tahun 637 M. Dari sana dilanjutkan untuk menyerang ibukota Persia, al-Madain yang jatuh pada tahun itu. Pada tahun 641 Masehi, Moshul dapat dikuasai. Dengan demikian, selama kepemimpinan Umar, kerajaan Islam sudah termasuk Jazirah Arab, Palestina, Suriah, sebagian besar Persia, dan Egypt.Due dengan ekspansi yang cepat dari daerah, Umar segera mengikuti contoh yang ditetapkan oleh administrasi administrasi negara yang telah dikembangkan terutama di Persia. Administrasi diatur menjadi delapan wilayah provinsi: Mekah, Madinah, Syria, tanah Basra, Kufah, Palestina, dan Mesir. Beberapa departemen yang dianggap mapan. Dalam waktu mulai diatur dan sistem penggajian dan pajak tanah disiplin. Pengadilan didirikan dalam rangka memisahkan lembaga peradilan oleh eksekutif. Untuk menjaga ketertiban dan keamanan, kepolisian dibentuk. Demikian pula, pekerjaan umum departemen. Umar juga mendirikan Bait al-Mal, mata uang palsu, dan membuat hijiah year.Umar memerintah selama sepuluh tahun (13-23 H/634-644 M). Masa jabatannya berakhir dengan kematian. Dia dibunuh oleh Zoroastrianis, Fanatic budak Persia bernama Abu Lu'lu'ah. Untuk menentukan penggantinya, Umar tidak dilakukan di jalan Abu Bakar. Dia menunjuk enam teman dan meminta mereka untuk memilih salah satu dari mereka untuk menjadi khalifah. Enam orang Usman, Ali, Thalhah, Zubair, Sa'ad bin Abi Waqqas, Abdurrahman bin 'Auf. Setelah kematian Umar, tim itu berkonsultasi dan berhasil menunjuk Utsman sebagai khalifah, melalui proses yang agak ketat untuk Ali bin Abi Thalib.